The most frequent family names in Japan. Satō, Suzuki, Takahashi, and Tanaka top the list, together held by millions. Most describe a place or landscape — 山 (mountain), 田 (rice field), 川 (river), 本 (base/origin) — or contain 藤 (wisteria), a marker of descent from the ancient Fujiwara clan.
Satō (佐藤) – "to assist" + "wisteria"; the single most common surname in Japan.
Suzuki (鈴木) – "bell" + "tree"; the second most common.
Takahashi (高橋) – "tall bridge."
Tanaka (田中) – "in the middle of the rice field."
Watanabe (渡辺) – "crossing, ferry" + "vicinity."
Itō (伊藤) – "that one" + "wisteria."
Yamamoto (山本) – "base of the mountain."
Nakamura (中村) – "central village."
Kobayashi (小林) – "small forest, grove."
Katō (加藤) – "to add, increase" + "wisteria."
Yoshida (吉田) – "lucky, auspicious rice field."
Yamada (山田) – "mountain rice field."
Sasaki (佐々木) – "assist" (repeated) + "tree."
Yamaguchi (山口) – "mountain entrance, mouth of the mountain."
Saitō (斎藤) – "purification, worship" + "wisteria."
Matsumoto (松本) – "base of the pine."
Inoue (井上) – "above the well."
Kimura (木村) – "tree village."
Hayashi (林) – "woods, grove."
Shimizu (清水) – "clear, pure water."
Yamazaki (山崎) – "mountain promontory."
Mori (森) – "forest."
Abe (阿部) – an ancient clan name ("nook, corner" + clan).
Ikeda (池田) – "pond rice field."
Hashimoto (橋本) – "base of the bridge."
Yamashita (山下) – "below the mountain."
Ishikawa (石川) – "stone river."
Nakajima (中島) – "island in the middle."
Maeda (前田) – "rice field in front."
Fujita (藤田) – "wisteria field."
Ogawa (小川) – "small river, stream."
Gotō (後藤) – "behind, after" + "wisteria."
Okada (岡田) – "hill rice field."
Hasegawa (長谷川) – "long valley river."
Murakami (村上) – "above the village."
Kondō (近藤) – "near" + "wisteria."
Ishii (石井) – "stone well."
Sakamoto (坂本) – "base of the slope."
Endō (遠藤) – "distant" + "wisteria."
Aoki (青木) – "green, blue tree."
Fujii (藤井) – "wisteria well."
Nishimura (西村) – "west village."
Fukuda (福田) – "fortune, good-luck rice field."
Ōta (太田) – "big rice field."
Miura (三浦) – "three bays, three inlets."
Okamoto (岡本) – "base of the hill."
Matsuda (松田) – "pine rice field."
Nakagawa (中川) – "river in the middle."
Harada (原田) – "field, plain" + "rice paddy."
Kaneko (金子) – "gold" + "child."